If a child is the illegitimate offspring of two kaafirs, can he be named after the zaani?

Question

Praise be to Allah.

Zina (adultery or
fornication) is forbidden in all the laws that Allaah revealed to His
Messengers, and Islam approves of the marriages of followers of other
religion who did not enter Islam subject to two conditions:

1 – That it was in
accordance with their own laws

2 – That they do not refer
to us for judgement concerning the marriage contract.

Shaykh al-Islam Ibn
Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:

The companions of Maalik
and al-Shaafa’i, and the companions of Ahmad such as al-Qaadi Abu Ya’la and
Ibn ‘Aqeel, and later scholars, said that reference concerning the marriage
of a kaafir should be made to their own customs. Whatever they regard as a
marriage among them, it is permissible to approve of if they become Muslim
and refer to us for judgement, provided there is no impediment to this
marriage. But if they believed that it was not a marriage, then it is not
permissible to approve of it. End quote.

Majmoo’ al-Fataawa
(29/12).

Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih
al-‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:

If the marriage is valid
according to Islamic sharee’ah, then it is valid, but if it is invalid
according to the dictates of Islamic sharee’ah, then they may approve of it
subject to two conditions:

1 – That they regard it as
valid according to their laws

2 – That they do not refer
to us (for judgement).

If they do not believe that
it is valid, then they must be separated, and if they refer to us for
judgement, we must examine the case. If it is before the marriage contract
then we must do the marriage contract according to our laws. If it is after
the marriage contract, we must examine it further. If the woman was
permissible at that time, then we may approve of it, and if she was not
permissible then we must separate them. The evidence for these things is
what happened when a kaafir became Muslim at the time of the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). He approved of those couple who
had married during the Jaahiliyyah and did not object to that. This
indicates that things may be left as they are. End quote.

Al-Sharh al-Mumti’
(12/239, 240).

With regard to zina and
so-called relationships, all of that is invalid according to their laws and
ours. It is the result of the misguidance in their lives, behaviour and
customs.

Muslim (1700) narrated from
al-Bara’ ibn ‘Aazib the story of the stoning of the two Jews who committed
zina, and how, even when the Jews distorted the Torah and concealed that
which Allaah had revealed, they did not regard zina as permissible, rather
they changed the punishment for it and introduced flogging and blackening of
the face with coal instead of stoning.

The Christians did
likewise. In the Gospel of Matthew 19:18 it says: “Jesus [said], ‘Do not
murder, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not give false
testimony…’”

In the Gospel of Mark 10:19
and the Gospel of Luke 18:20 it says: “You know the commandments: ‘Do not
murder, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not give false testimony’”

Hence we say: If these
parents were married – even of that was according to the religion of
Christianity or Judaism – then their marriage is approved and the daughter
should be named after the father. But if the daughter was the result of an
illicit relationship, then she should not be named after the zaani, rather
she should be named after her mother, as she is at present.

In Islam the scholars are
unanimously agreed that the illegitimate child should not be named after the
zaani if the zaani does not ask for him to be named after him. Rather the
majority of scholars said that he should not be named after him even if the
zaani wants that.

It is not the issue – as
mentioned in the question – of whether the zaani is still alive or not;
rather the issue is that the relationship between them was not one of
marriage, and the daughter was the result of that relationship.

Islam forbids attributing
the child to anyone other than his father. Allaah says (interpretation of
the meaning):

“Call them (adopted
sons) by (the names of) their fathers, that is more just with Allaah. But if
you know not their father’s (names, call them) your brothers in Faith and
Mawaaleekum (your freed slaves). And there is no sin on you concerning that
in which you made a mistake, except in regard to what your hearts
deliberately intend. And Allaah is Ever Oft‑Forgiving, Most Merciful”

[al-Ahzaab 33:5]

It was narrated from Abu
Dharr (may Allaah have mercy on him) that he heard the Prophet (peace
and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “There is no man who knowingly
attributes himself to someone other than his father but he has committed an
act of kufr, and whoever claims to belong to people to whom he does not
belong, let him take his place in Hell.”

Narrated by al-Bukhaari
(3317) and Muslim (61).

Al-Haafiz Ibn Hajar (may
Allaah have mercy on him) said:

Some commentators said: The
reason why this is described as kufr is that he is telling a lie against
Allaah; it is as if he is saying: Allaah created me from the sperm of So and
so, when that is not the case, because he was created from someone else.

Fath al-Baari
(12/55):

The Messenger of Allaah
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “One of the greatest
of falsehoods is for a man attribute himself to someone other than his
father.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari (3318).

And the Prophet (peace
and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever knowingly attributes
himself to someone other than his father, Paradise will be forbidden to
him.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari (4072) and Muslim (63).

To sum up:

The illegitimate child –
whether he is born to Muslim or non-Muslim parents – cannot be attributed to
the zaani, rather he must be named after his mother. The situation of this
new Muslim sister is correct. If she was not able to call herself after the
man or the woman then she could – as a case of necessity – call herself by a
name that is not specific to any known person; rather she may choose a name
that consists of two or three names and call herself by that. It is not
permissible for her to take her husband’s name.

And Allaah knows best.