The difference between ongoing charity (sadaqah jaariyah) and other kinds of charity

Question

Praise be to Allah.

Ongoing charity is the waqf (“Islamic endowment”) which may
take many forms. The definition of a waqf is that the origin is “frozen” and
the fruits are donated for the sake of Allaah, as was narrated by
al-Bukhaari (2737) and Muslim (1633) from Ibn ‘Umar (may Allaah be pleased
with him), that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allaah be pleased with him) was
given a share of land at Khaybar. He came to the Messenger of Allaah
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and asked him what he should do
with it. He said: “O Messenger of Allaah, I have been given a share of land
at Khaybar and I have never been given any wealth that is more precious to
me than it. What do you command me to do with it?” He said: “If you wish,
you can ‘freeze’ it and give it in charity.” So ‘Umar gave it in charity and
stipulated that it was not to be sold, given as a gift or inherited, and he
gave it in charity to the poor, relatives and slaves, for the sake of Allaah
and for wayfarers and guests; there was no sin on the one appointed to look
after it if he ate from it on a reasonable basis, and fed others without
storing anything for the future.”

Ibn Maajah (242) narrated
that Abu Hurayrah said: “The good deeds that will reach a believer after his
death are: knowledge which he learned and then spread; a righteous son whom
he leaves behind; a copy of the Qur’aan that he leaves as a legacy; a mosque
that he built; a house that he built for wayfarers; a canal that he dug; or
charity that he gave during his lifetime when he was in good health. These
deeds will reach him after his death.” This hadeeth hwas classed as hasan by
al-Albaani in Saheeh Ibn Maajah.

Ongoing charity may mean
building a mosque, buying Mushafs (copies of the Qur’aan) to be placed in
the mosque, or designating a house or a place as a waqf so that its income
is spent on the poor, orphans, relatives, seekers of knowledge or others as
stipulated by the one who establishes the waqf, or donating money to build a
charitable hospital, and so on.

With regard to
charity that is not ongoing, this is charity in which the thing given is not
“frozen”, rather it is given to the poor to become his property and be made
use of however he wishes, such as giving him money, food, clothing, medicine
or furniture.

If a person establishes a
mosque as a waqf, then it is destroyed or falls down, it is permissible to
sell part of it in order to renovate the rest. If it is not possible to make
use of any part of it, then the whole thing may be sold and the money
donated to another waqf. Ibn Qudaamah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
“If a waqf is destroyed and nothing is left of it, it may be sold and the
money used to buy something to be given back to the people in charge of the
waqf, and it should be made a waqf like the first one was. The same applies
to a horse kept for jihad, if it is no longer fit for fighting, it should be
sold and the money used to buy another one that is fit for jihad. What we
conclude from this is that if a waqf is destroyed and is no longer of any
use, such as a house that collapses or land that is ruined and becomes dead
and no longer fit for cultivation, or a mosque from which the people move
away, and is now in a place where people do not pray, or it becomes too
small for the people and cannot accommodate them all, or it falls into
disrepair, and it cannot be maintained except by selling part of it, then it
is permissible to sell part of it in order to take care of the maintenance
of the rest of it. If it is not possible to use any part of it, then the
whole thing may be sold. Ahmad said, according to a report narrated by Abu
Dawood: if there are two pieces of wood in the mosque which are of some
value, it is permissible to sell them and spend the money raised on the
mosque. According to a report narrated by Saalih: the mosque may be removed
to another location if there is the fear of it being robbed or if the
location is in a filthy area. Al-Qaadi said: i.e., if that prevents people
from praying there. And he stated that it is permissible to sell its
courtyard, according to a report narrated by ‘Abd-Allaah. The imam should
give testimony to that effect (i.e., that these changes are necessary)

From al-Mughni,
5/368.

So long as the waqf is
still in existence, the reward for its founder will be ongoing; the same is
also true if the original waqf is sold and the money put into a new waqf.
Whoever builds a mosque will have the reward promised for that. This is what
is narrated in the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him): “Whoever builds a mosque for the sake of Allaah, even if it is
like the nest of a sand grouse, Allaah will build for him a house in
Paradise.” The hadeeth gives an example of building the smallest thing
possible. Narrated by Ahmad, 2157; classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in
Saheeh al-Jaami’. And Allaah knows best .